Ingredients

Lipoic acid is both a water and fat-soluble antioxidant with the reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) having even more antioxidant activity. Lipoic acid is found in cellular mitochondria and plays a role in energy production.

Functions of Lipoic acid:

• ALA is an antioxidant capable of quenching various reactive oxygen species
• As a chelator, ALA can trap metals in the blood circulation preventing cellular damage
• ALA can enter nerve tissue and prevent glucose-related oxidative damage
• Can regenerate reduced glutathione
• Can recycle reduced vitamin C and indirectly participate in the regeneration of vitamin E
• Has a role in energy production (ATP synthesis)
• Is a cofactor of alpha-keto-dehydrogenase
• Lipoic acid is bound to protein and is a cofactor in oxidative decarboxylation

ALA is easily absorbed and transported across cell membranes; thus, free radical protection occurs both inside and outside of cells. It is water- and fat-soluble, which makes it more effective against a broader range of free radicals than vitamin C (water-soluble) and vitamin E (fat-soluble) alone. ALA administration also increases intracellular levels of glutathione, the animal body’s most important antioxidant.

The body routinely converts ALA to DHLA, a more effective antioxidant. Both forms can quench peroxynitrite radicals, which are responsible in part for heart, lung, and neurological disease, as well as for inflammation. In oxidative stress models, such as ischemia, reperfusion injury, and radiation injury, ALA was shown to be beneficial.

ALA has been shown to be beneficial in types 1 and 2 diabetes, preventing various pathologies associated with the disease, such as reperfusion injury, macular degeneration, cataracts, and neuropathy. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria induced by hyperglycemia is central to the pathogenesis of endothelial damage in diabetes.

Under physiological conditions, metal ions such as iron, copper, and zinc are important and necessary cofactors for normal function of many proteins. Transition metal deficiency or excess can lead to or affect the progression of many diseases. Both ALA and DHLA have been shown to chelate metal ions by forming stable complexes with the ions. Consequently, ALA may have therapeutic potential in transition metal-mediated cellular toxicity. In addition, LA and DHLA contribute to heavy metal detoxification.

Alpha-galactosidase is a natural enzyme which assists in both preventing flatulence, abdominal bloating, stomach pain, and a distended stomach. The Alpha-galactosidase enzyme is a homodimeric glycoprotein that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. It predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside, and it can catalyze the hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose.

Amylase is an enzyme present in saliva that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a slightly sweet taste as they are chewed because amylase degrades some of their starch into sugar. The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyze dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharide’s which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Plants and some bacteria also produce amylase. Three categories of Amylases, denoted alpha, beta, and gamma, differ in the way they attack the bonds of the starch molecules.

Antioxidants protect cells from oxidative damage and help push back many of the normal age-related diseases our pets suffer from. The number of antioxidants normally produced by a dog or cat slowly increases from birth until adulthood (8 months — 1 ½ years) depending on the breed. At that point production amounts level off while the number of free radicals continues to rise. The differential between the number of free radicals and the available number of antioxidants is termed Oxidative Stress. It has been shown that the greater the level of oxidative stress the faster one might see the onset of age-related chronic debilitating diseases. More rapid aging has also been attributed to oxidative stress.

Ashwagandha is also called Indian Ginseng. It has been used in Ayurvedic medical cultures for centuries helping to improve and revitalize human and animal health associated with a variety of medical conditions. Ashwagandha improves animal health in many ways including its ability to activate the Nrf2 response.

Ashwagandha has been shown in research studies to have:

• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Antioxidant capabilities
• Anti-stress properties
• Immune enhancing capabilities
• Cardiovascular protective abilities
• Neuroprotective effects
• Antidepressant abilities
• Anti-anxiety and calming properties
• Joint protective capabilities
• Anticancer properties

Benefits of Ashwagandha:

• It can lower blood pressure and reduce cholesterol
• It helps regulate glucose levels in animals with Type 2 diabetes
• It boosts cardiac health
• It has anti-aging properties
• It can help improve vision
• Osteoarthritic animals may get some relief from the pain of swollen joints
• It supports the immune system thus protecting against infections.

Astaxanthin is one of those most potent anti-inflammatories that we know of. Astaxanthin, unlike some carotenoids, is not converted to vitamin A in the animal body. It is also an antioxidant with a slightly lower antioxidant activity than other carotenoids.

According to the latest research, Astaxanthin can positively impact animal health in the following ways:

• Boosts immune function
• Astaxanthin protects eyes from cataracts, macular degeneration, and blindness
• Astaxanthin protects the brain from cognitive decline
• Astaxanthin reduces the risk for many types of cancer (including cancers of the breast, colon, bladder and mouth) by stimulating apoptosis (cancer cell death) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation
• Improves recovery from spinal cord and other central nervous system injuries
• Astaxanthin reduces inflammation from all causes including arthritis
• Improves endurance, performance and recovery
• Astaxanthin helps to stabilize blood sugar, thereby protecting the kidneys
• Relieves indigestion
• Improves fertility by increasing sperm strength and sperm count
• Reducing oxidative damage to your DNA
• Improves cardiovascular health by reducing C-Reactive Proteins (CRP), reducing triglycerides, and increasing beneficial HDL

Bacopa has the ability to activate the Nrf2 response in both dogs and cats making it a protector of cell DNA, mitochondria and other important cellular structures from excessive free radical attack.

Bacopa is a tropical plant that is generally known for its cognitive and memory improving capabilities. Bacopa contains bacosides and saponins that have a beneficial effect on the brain’s neurotransmitters and also assists in the repair of neurons that have become damaged. The bacosides possess antioxidant activity that helps protect the brain from free radical damage.

Beef Protein Isolate is nutrient-enriched and contains incredibly high amounts of each of the essential and branched chain amino acids. Beef Protein Isolate is naturally high in the amino acids alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline, and serves as a significant source of leucine, isoleucine, and valine.

Beta Glucan is a glucopolysaccharide extracted from the cell walls of yeast. The patented process creates long-chain Beta Glucan particles that are capable of reacting with the Peyer’s patches (immune structures within the intestine). Reactive Beta Glucan supports the innate immune system, an animal’s first line of defense against disease causing organisms.

Beta Glucan provides health benefits to animals by enhancing their natural defense mechanisms that have evolved over time and enables them to combat infection caused by fungus, molds, bacteria and viruses.

Beta Glucan binds with receptors on key immune cells creating an overall heightened immune response that includes:

• Increased production of white blood cells in the bone marrow, including monocytes (macrophages) and neutrophils, which attack and devour harmful invaders
• Increased mobilization of immune cells to the site of a foreign challenge
• Increased phagocytic or killing capacity of the immune cells to engulf and destroy intruders
• Increased communication of the presence of an invader to other cells of the immune system
• More effective presentation of foreign antigens to the B and T cells of the acquired immune system, which adapts or learns to defend the body against a specific threat leading to an enhanced humoral (antibody) and cellular (T cell) immune response
• Specific and unique applications for Beta Glucan include its synergy with many antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Bifidobacterium is a live gram-positive anaerobe that is capable of improving the balance of the intestinal microflora of animals. Newborns that are breast-fed are colonized with Bifidobacteria within days after birth.

Bifidobacterium species are less prevalent in the gut of the dog and cat compared to Lactobacillus; however, the effect that Bifidobacterium has on digestion, absorption and utilization is quite similar.

Populations of Bifidobacterium usually remain stable until advanced age when the numbers decline. Bifidobacteria populations can be influenced by a number of factors including diet, antibiotics and stress.

The balance of Bifidobacterium is higher in the cat than the dog. The exact mapping of intestinal bacteria in the dog and cat and the extent to which they colonize different portions of the gut has shown veterinarians much over the past ten years. Further studies need to be conducted to determine the extent to which pre and probiotics help control many of the important health functions in our pets.

Bioflavonoids are the colored part of vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbs, and some grains. Research has shown that bioflavonoids have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties.

Functions of Bioflavonoids:

• Protect and preserve the structure of capillary blood vessels and promote circulation
• Act as antihistamines
• Act synergistically with vitamin C to support cellular antioxidant protection
• Maintain the health of collagen
• Have anti-inflammatory properties
• Have an antibacterial effect
• Stimulate bile production

The primary function of bioflavonoids is to increase the strength of the capillaries and to regulate their permeability. The capillaries link the arteries to the veins. They deliver oxygen and nutrients to the organs, tissues, and cells and then pick up carbon dioxide and waste and carry them through the veins and back to the heart. By supporting the capillaries, Bioflavonoids help prevent hemorrhage and rupture of these tiny vessels. Also, capillary strength may help protect against infection, particularly viral problems.

Bioflavonoids also can reduce the amount of histamine released from cells; quercetin is particularly strong in this function.

The bioflavonoids are helpful in the absorption of vitamin C. They also protect Vitamin C from oxidation, thereby improving and prolonging its ability to act as an antioxidant.

The bioflavonoids are also indirectly and possibly directly involved in maintaining the health of collagen that holds the cells together by forming the basement membranes of cells, tissues, and cartilage.

Bioflavonoids are used extensively in athletic injuries because of their anti-inflammatory effects.

Quercetin (a bioflavonoid) has been used to block an enzyme that leads to the accumulation of sorbitol, which has been linked to nerve, eye, and kidney damage in diabetes.

Biotin is one of the sulfur-containing, water-soluble B vitamins necessary for the production and utilization of fats and amino acids and the integrity of skin and claws. Mammals are unable to synthesize biotin so supplementation should be considered if optimum skin and coat health is a goal.

Caution should be used when feeding raw egg white to either the dog or cat. Raw egg white contains a compound (Avidin) that binds tightly to biotin, resulting in its decreased absorption. Cooking the egg white inactivates the avidin. Also, the amount of biotin found in egg yolk is more than adequate to offset the potential loss of biotin. My recommendation is to only feed whole cooked eggs, never raw eggs to pets.

Functions of Biotin:

• Biotin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in the metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate
• As a coenzyme, Biotin plays a role in deamination, generating energy from amino acids
• The five carboxylase enzymes in mammalian tissue requiring biotin are: acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, B-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl CoA carboxylase

Ancient healers used this herb to treat conditions like rheumatism, diabetes, fevers, cardiovascular disorders and asthma. It was also consumed in the belief that it would increase longevity.

The more modern use of Boswellia involves treating inflammation. The boswellic acid that comes from the tree’s resin and sap acts as a 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor and is used to treat both rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. In addition to reducing inflammation, boswellic acid also promotes faster wound healing as it possesses antibiotic and antiseptic properties.

Uses in animals include:

• Control inflammation
• Relieve joint pain
• Diabetes
• Wound healing

Calcium carbonate is a dietary supplement needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart. Calcium carbonate also is used as an antacid to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach.

Calcium Caseinate is one of several milk proteins derived from casein in skim and 1% milk. Calcium Caseinate is primarily used in meal preparation and fat breakdown. Caseinates are produced by adding an alkali to another derivative of casein, acid casein. Other cations used to form caseinates besides calcium include ammonium, potassium, and sodium. Calcium caseinate contains about 17% glutamic acid and is soluble.

Cartilage is a watery substance, made up of 65 to 80% water plus collagen and proteoglycans which form the cartilage matrix, and special cells called chondrocytes. Collagen and proteoglycans are the substances which provide the resilience and shock absorption qualities of cartilage and make it possible for the ends of the bones to slide smoothly across each other.

Chamomile is a natural relaxing agent that contains apigenin, a compound that binds to the same cell receptors as tranquilizers. Chamomile regulates peristalsis in the bowel and can therefore assist in the treatment of both constipation and diarrhea. It can also relieve gastric and abdominal pain due to spasms or intestinal gas that create feelings of nausea and can cause both vomiting and diarrhea.

Chamomile stimulates the flow of bile and the secretion of gastric juices, thus enhancing the appetite and improving sluggish digestion in stressed animals. When a dog becomes stressed, they usually respond by eating less or avoiding food altogether.

Chamomile has bactericidal and fungicidal capacities, which means that it is effective against common pathogens that thrive under conditions of stress such as yeast (Candida albicans) and bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus).

Chicken Livers are organ meats that come from chickens. Chicken Liver is loaded with nutrients like folate, iron and biotin that perform a multitude of functions in keeping the body healthy. They also contain choline, which is great for brain health. Chicken livers are an amazing source of protein that keeps muscles and bones healthy and helps heal wounds.

Chicken protein isolate powder is a natural ingredient made from fresh, USDA-inspected chicken that has been minimally processed, cooked, defatted, and dehydrated by spray drying into a fine powder. Chicken protein isolate powder provides high-quality protein in a convenient form that is free of common allergens.

Chloride is one of the most important electrolytes in the blood. It helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of your cells in balance. It also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of your body fluids.

Choline is widely found in free form or as a part of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine). Choline is synthesized in the body and is crucial for the normal function of all cells. It is a lipotropic B vitamin like compound that is easily absorbed from the intestine. Choline is able to cross the blood-brain barrier into the spinal fluid where it is involved in brain metabolism.

Functions of Choline:

• Important for the integrity of cell membranes, as a methyl donor, cholinergic neurotransmission and transmembrane signaling
• Is required for lipid transport and metabolism, exports fat from the liver and prevents fat accumulation in the liver
• Synthesis of acetylcholine in nerves, which plays a role in brain development and function
• Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, structural components in cell membranes
• Synthesis of methionine and dimethylglycine
• A precursor of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and betain

Chondrocytes are cells responsible for the repair and regeneration of cartilage tissues. Enzymes produced by the chondrocytes tear down damaged or old cartilage, just as proteoglycans synthesized by the chondrocytes renew cartilage. Both steps are necessary for joint health and balance needs to be maintained.

Chondroitin naturally occurs in the body and is a major component of cartilage that acts to cushion the joints. Chondroitin helps produce new cartilage and stop enzymes from breaking cartilage down. Currently, the only way to add chondroitin to the animal system is through supplementation.

Chondroitin is widely used to treat osteoarthritis. Studies have found that chondroitin is beneficial because it reduces pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints.

Chondroitin has many important functions. Chondroitin is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan in articular cartilage and is a component of various tissues in the body, including tendons, bone, intervertebral disks, corneas and heart valves.

Clinical reports show that chondroitin is able to boost the production of cartilage, protects it from damage and facilitates cartilage repair.

It used to be thought that damaged cartilage could not repair itself; however, modern research suggests that damaged cartilage can be replaced by healthy new cartilage. The primary focus of joint health should be on preventing joint problems, while treatment should focus on preventing further cartilage breakdown as well as stimulating repair, a primary function of chondroitin.

Chromium is an essential trace element that forms a compound in the body which seems to enhance the effects of insulin and lower glucose levels. Chromium supplementation is commonly used to build muscle or trigger weight loss.

Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) are partially man-made fats generally made by processing coconut and palm kernel oils in the laboratory. The name refers to the way the carbon atoms are arranged in their chemical structure and are used for:

• Obesity
• Seizures
• Athletic performance
• Other conditions

CoQ10 is a lipophilic, vitamin like substance found in all animal cells, but more so in the heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas. CoQ10 is synthesized by all tissues in the animal body and is a powerful antioxidant. Circulating levels of CoQ10 decrease with age and should be supplemented in all senior pets or those experiencing disease, injury or stress. Functions of Coenzyme Q-10:

• Acts as a powerful antioxidant
• Is an electron carrier in the lipid phase of the mitochondrial membrane
• Essential for ATP (energy) production
• Prevents initiation and/or propagation of lipid peroxidation in plasma lipoprotein membranes
• Prevents low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, essential to cardiovascular health

Coenzyme Q10 is well recognized as a crucial component of the oxidative phosphorylation process in cellular mitochondria where the energy from carbohydrates and fatty acids is converted into ATP to drive the cellular machinery and support the cell’s biosynthesis. Some new roles for coenzyme Q10 are being recognized. These aspects have primarily developed from the recognition that coenzyme Q10 can undergo oxidation/reduction reactions in other cell membranes such as lysosomes, plasma membranes and Golgi bodies. In mitochondria and lysosomes, coenzyme Q10 undergoes reduction/oxidation cycles during which it transfers protons across the membrane to form a proton gradient. The presence of high concentrations of quinol in all membranes provides a basis for antioxidant action either by direct reaction with free radicals or by the regeneration of tocopherol and ascorbate (vitamin E and C). As an antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 helps to neutralize harmful free radicals, which are one of the primary causes of aging. Various factors, such as aging and stress, can lower the levels of coenzyme Q10 in the body and as a result decrease the ability of cells to withstand stress and regenerate. The levels of coenzyme Q10 in the body almost inevitably decline with age. In some animal studies, rodents treated with supplemental coenzyme Q10 lived longer than their untreated counterparts. The effects of coenzyme Q10 supplements on human and animal longevity remain unknown. CoQ10 and Immune Function Pets that are nutritionally deficient have impaired cell—mediated immunity resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. Studies have shown that supplemental CoQ10 produces a significant enhancement of the immune system in both normal and immuno-depressed animals. In 1970, it was first reported that CoQ6 and CoQ10, when administered to rats, significantly enhanced immune cells’ ability to kill bacteria, as well as elevated their antibody response. By 1982, more than half a dozen studies had documented significant immunological enhancement following the administration of CoQ10. Co Q10 and Brain Function It is well established that deficiencies of myocardial CoQ10 results in derangements of cardiac energy production, eventually leading to cardiac cell death. Recent evidence now shows that a similar mechanism may be involved in degenerative brain disorders. CoQ10 should be considered as a potential aid in Canine and Feline Cognitive decline.

Collagen, a vital part of cartilage, is a primary connective tissue, which exists in various forms and performs many different functions. Acting rather like an adhesive or glue-like substance throughout the body, it helps maintain structure and in cartilage it provides a framework to hold the proteoglycans in place as well as providing elasticity and shock-absorbency. Collagen is a member of a family of naturally occurring proteins. It is one of the most plentiful proteins present in mammals and it is responsible for performing a variety of important biological functions. The word “collagen” is derived from the Greek word “Kolla,” meaning glue. Collagen is best known for the structural role it plays in the animal body.

Collagen is present in large quantities in connective tissue and provides tendons and ligaments with tensile strength and the skin with elasticity. It often works in conjunction with other important skin and hair proteins such as keratin and elastin.

Collagen makes up around 30% of the protein in the animal body. There are at least 16 different types of collagen; however, 80 to 90% are Type I, II and III.

Collagen production declines with age and is reduced by exposure to ultraviolet light and other environmental factors. Collagen supplementation is one way our animals' skin and hair coats can remain healthy and looking great.

Functions of Collagen:

• Collagen type I structurally supports the skin, tendon, ligaments, bone, teeth, and forms a sturdy matrix in between organs
• Type II collagen is found in all joint cartilage and the fluid of the eye
• Collagen type III is a primary constituent of muscle, blood vessels, and skin
• Collagen Types I and III give the skin its strength and structure, and also plays a role in the replacement of dead skin cells
• Type I collagen fibrils are stronger than steel (gram for gram)
• The chemical structures of collagen types I and III are responsible for the properties of the tissues formed out of them

Type II Collagen

Type II collagen is a major component of hyaline joint cartilage and is a direct source of collagen type II cells needed for the replacement of worn or damaged articular cartilage. Preventive supplementation is especially productive in those breeds that are more prone to injury and joint disease throughout their lives.

• Type II collagen is found in all cartilage and the fluid of the eye
• Type II collagen is a natural source of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, essential components in maintaining optimum joint health

The instructions for making any protein are contained in the DNA. The DNA resides in the nucleus of the cell far from the organelles that produce proteins. The cell transcribes the instructions from DNA onto a related molecule called RNA. Transcribed RNA with the instructions for creating collagen leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes where proteins are assembled.

Ribosomes are responsible for producing proteins by translating the instructions on RNA into a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide. Some ribosomes are spread throughout the cell. Other ribosomes are attached to a network of tubes called the endoplasmic reticulum. Collagen production occurs at the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

The polypeptides that will become collagen are made mostly of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. The chemical structures of these three amino acids give the collagen polypeptides their unique properties. Bonds form between the amino acids on adjacent polypeptides to pull them together in a triple helix. This triple helix has impressive strength and resiliency.

The triple helix of polypeptides undergoes some more processing and is then secreted from the cell. The final steps in collagen production must happen outside the cell so that completed collagen does not form a matrix inside the cell thereby clogging it. During or following secretion, the ends of the triple helix are cut off. This allows the small strands to attach to each other forming a strong, elastic matrix.

Colostrum is the pre-milk fluid produced from an animal’s mammary glands during the first few days after giving birth. Colostrum is a rich source of antibodies, growth factors and other nutrients, which may provide temporary passive immunity against various infectious organisms that affect the gastrointestinal tract of newborns.

Colostrum’s antimicrobial activity is based on the ability of specific immunoglobulins of the IgG type to react with bacterial, viral and other antigens in the gut.

Bovine colostrum contains lactoferrin, a known immunostimulant and colostrinin, a protein-rich polypeptide that is another Immunomodulatory substance.

Colostrum has been shown to improve lean muscle tissue growth, especially when mixed with whey protein and creatine. It improves muscle recovery and reduces soreness following intensive exercise.

Bovine colostrum also has fantastic anti-inflammatory characteristics that can help animals suffering from inflammatory swelling and pain. Colostrum supplements help to reduce inflammation and therefore reduce the pain that’s caused by these conditions.

A substance known as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) is found in colostrum. This substance helps to effectively “turn off” inflammation at the source. Another helpful ingredient is interleukin-1ra (IL-1ra), a protein that helps to reduce inflammation caused by certain conditions.

Not only does IL-1ra contain helpful substances to reduce swelling and pain, but it’s been shown to aid in cases of chronic inflammatory diseases like arthritis. Proline rich peptides (PRPs) are also found in colostrum, and these act as an oxidative stress regulator.

Colostrum also contains high levels of antioxidants. Oxidative stress, the build-up of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been proven to cause widespread damage in the animal body generally resulting in the speeding up of the aging process in our dogs and cats.

Copper is one of the essential minerals for all dogs and is a major player in the animal's ability to create natural antioxidants that are used to restabilize free radicals making them harmless. One of the best sources of copper (digestibility and utilization) are the amino acid chelates or specifically Copper linked to the amino acid lysine.

D-Pantothenic Acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is present in all living cells. Vitamin B5 is primarily used in the production of coenzyme A (CoA) and the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Pantothenic acid is found in high concentrations in the liver and kidney and is important in synthesizing porphyrin, a precursor of heme needed in the production of hemoglobin.

The principle supplemental form of pantothenic acid is synthetically formed D-calcium Pantothenate. Up to 50% of natural Pantothenic acid is lost in food processing from heat.

Functions of Pantothenic acid:

• Component of Coenzyme-A (CoA), which is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids
• CoA is involved in many important biological reactions such as:
  • Synthesis of acetylcholine
  • Nerve impulse
  • Synthesis of heme
  • Synthesis of cholesterol
  • Synthesis of steroids
• Involved in the citrate cycle
• Involved in the metabolism of fat and sugar to energy.

Dicalcium phosphate is the calcium phosphate used as a food additive. It’s also found in some toothpastes as a polishing agent and is a biomaterial.

Digestive enzymes aid in the breakdown, absorption and utilization of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Enzyme systems evolved in wild animals (precursors to our dogs and cats) based on the types of food sources they consumed. This process created a balance between necessary enzymes and the food taken in. Today’s foods offer diminished amounts of protein and high levels of carbohydrate. This does not match the inherent enzyme systems of our pets that have not had the time it takes to adapt to the dramatic dietary change imposed over the last 200 years.

Digestive Support provides a balanced approach to supplying additional enzymes to assist our pets in digesting and utilizing the kinds of foods being fed today.

The specific enzymes include:

• Protease
• Lipase
• Alpha-galactosidase
• Amylase
• Phytase
• Lactase
• Invertase
• Hemicellulase

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid. Of the primary functions associated with the intake of docosapentaenoic acid, the most important is the incorporation of DHA into the phospholipid portion of animal cell membranes. Deficiencies of DHA in experimental animals has led to the production of faulty cellular membranes, lesions of the skin and connective tissues, growth failures, erythrocyte fragility and impaired fertility.

DHA Predominates in the Vital Tissues of our pets

The level of EPA and DHA varies quite substantially in tissues of various animals, and reflects to a very large extent the actual requirement of EPA, DHA or both in maintaining optimal health in those tissues.

Content of EPA relative to DHA in various tissues in dogs and cats

DHA is a primary structural component of nerve, eye, and brain tissue in dogs and cats, and crucial for their proper development and function. This is especially important in cats, since they virtually lack the enzymes to convert Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) into EPA and DHA. Experiments in cats showed that even very high levels of ALA gave no detectable level of EPA or DHA in blood phospholipids.

Feeding experiments in cats showed that offspring from cats deprived of DHA had a very low level of DHA in eye and brain tissue and suboptimal retinal function. The same study showed that the addition of 0.2 gram DHA/ kg feed restored the DHA level, indicating a reasonable minimum level of DHA in feline feeds.

Numerous desired effects from feeding DHA to dogs have been shown, including:

• Prevention of cardiac arrhythmias
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Alleviation of aggressive behavior
• Joint lubrication
• Improved renal function
• Improve memory and learning in young dogs

Avoid overdosing Omega-3 fatty acids

Feeding high levels of n-3 fatty acids can cause problems with inhibiting the natural inflammatory response to injury and infection. Prolonged feeding of high levels of n-3 fatty acids can also cause bleeding. It is recommended that all anti-inflammatory substances be eliminated prior to surgery of an animal.

Take home message: Make sure your pet gets the right ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids for optimal health.

Echinacea is an herb native to North America that is widely used as a traditional herbal remedy to fight infections. Echinacea seems to activate chemicals in the body that decrease inflammation.

Laboratory research suggests that Echinacea can stimulate an animal’s immune system. Echinacea also seems to contain some chemicals that can attack yeast and other kinds of fungi directly.

The general health of animals can be improved by Echinacea. It accomplishes this by causing the production of additional T-cells (important members of the immune system). White blood cells are also boosted, which aids in combating any invading viruses or bacteria.

Egg albumen is preferred over egg yolk as an ingredient in meat products for its gelling ability owing to its lower lipid content as well as being colorless and milder in flavor.

Eggshell membrane is a dietary supplement shown to be effective in reducing or treating osteoarthritis or other stiffness and joint pain. Eggshell membrane is the clear film lining the shell, visible when one peels a boiled egg. Eggshell membrane is primarily composed of fibrous proteins such as collagen type I, V and X. Other components identified in eggshell membranes are hyaluronic acid, sialic acid, desmosine and isodesmosine, ovotransferrin, lysyl oxidase, lysozyme, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is one of several omega-3 fatty acids that has positive effects on coronary heart disease, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, and inflammation. Marine plants and animals (algae, certain fish, krill and squid) are all able to convert to Eicosapentaenoic acid and are therefore the best direct dietary or supplemental sources of Eicosapentaenoic acid for the dog and cat.

Functions of Eicosapentaenoic Acid:

• Anti-inflammation
• Anti-Platelet Aggregation (reduced clot formation)
• Vasodilation
• Non-immunosuppressive
• Retinal development
• Brain development

Eicosapentaenoic Acid is primarily incorporated into the heart, blood plasma and prostate tissues. It is also present in cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids.

Fructooligosaccharides are a prebiotic fiber backed by over 50 clinical studies that have demonstrated its ability to support the gastrointestinal tract by helping to balance and maintain the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria.

Psyllium seeds are high in dietary fiber and zinc. Psyllium is known for its ability to cleanse the colon by attaching to various intestinal toxins, pulling them aside and removing them naturally.

Fructooligosaccharides are considered to be a prebiotic. FOS typically refers to short-chain oligosaccharides comprised of D-fructose and D-glucose. FOS acts as a primary nutrient required by intestinal bacteria. Backed by over 50 clinical studies, FOS has demonstrated its ability to support the gastrointestinal tract by helping to balance and maintain the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. A balanced supplement will provide both Pre and Probiotics.

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli, known for causing diarrhea in the dog and cat. Fructooligosaccharides also improve mineral absorption and may be beneficial in maintaining bone and joint health.

Gamma Linolenic Acid is an Omega-6 fatty acid which the body can convert to substances that reduce inflammation and cell growth.

Gamma Linolenic Acid is used to improve conditions like:

• Arthritis
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol and other blood fats
• Heart disease
• Other conditions.

There are several functions of ginger that are helpful to animal health. It can help to ease a compromised digestive system, reduce pain and inflammation and protect the body against certain viruses. Ginger can also help to speed up recovery from just about any sickness.

Functions of Ginger:

• Reducing the effects of car sickness (nausea, dizziness, fatigue and vomiting)
• Reduces inflammation and has been used successfully as an adjunct remedy in cases of osteoarthritis
• Ginger supports the immune system and helps to purge toxins from the animal body

Widespread animal studies describe Ginkgo as having antioxidant properties capable of providing protective effects during conditions of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is especially harmful to brain tissue; thus, Ginkgo is also known for its protective properties against cognitive decline in both aging humans and animals. Ginkgo has also been attributed with the ability to reduce the symptoms of anxiety and stress.

Glutathione is the predominant non-protein thiol and functions as an intracellular redox buffer and antioxidant.

Glutathione is a nucleophilic scavenger and an electron donor. Its reducing ability lies with maintaining molecules such as ascorbate (vitamin C) and proteins in their reduced state.

Glutathione is also a cofactor for the selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases, which are major antioxidant enzymes. Additional actions may include Immunomodulatory activities and beneficial effects on sperm motility primarily due to its antioxidant activity.

GLME is a highly researched extract from New Zealand Green Lipped Mussels that has been shown clinically to provide COX-2 inhibition (inflammation control with subsequent pain relief and improved mobility).

GLME supplementation:

• Inhibits inflammation and swelling and reduces joint pain
• Aids joint health by inhibiting the deterioration of cartilage
• Aids joint mobility by improving joint lubrication
• Is gastro-protective (stomach friendly)

The hemicellulase enzyme breaks down hemicellulose and is needed to break down fiber-rich components. The hemicellulase enzyme has the ability to take long chains of sugars and convert them into usable constituents. Hemicellulase, which is crucial for the breaking down of fruits, vegetables, and many grains is required to break down the “hard” hemicellulose carbohydrates, which are known to slow digestion and the absorption of various nutrients.

Other benefits of Hemicellulase include:

• Reduction of yeast infections
• Better digestive capacity with aging
• Improves overall health

The flavonoid hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside comprised of the flavanone hesperidin and the disaccharide rutinose. Hesperidin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective and anti-carcinogenic activities.

The anti-inflammatory action is due in part to hesperidin interfering with the metabolism of arachidonic acid (the primary inflammatory fatty acid) and interference with histamine release.

Hesperidin also appears to inhibit phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inflammatory enzymes.

Evidence also shows that hesperidin inhibits histamine release from mast cells, which accounts for the anti-allergy affect.

HMB is a unique nutritional ingredient produced naturally in the body from the essential amino acid Leucine. HMB functions in the body as a component or building block of muscle tissue. HMB is a patented metabolite of Leucine that has been shown in extensive scientific studies to enhance muscle metabolism. Small amounts can increase muscle size and strength while reducing pain and fatigue associated with hard work or injury.

In situations where metabolic demand is high as in rigorous exercise, disease processes or rehabilitation the body cannot supply sufficient amounts of HMB to meet specific tissue needs. In these situations, dietary supplementation of HMB has been shown to be highly advantageous in maintaining maximum muscle size and function, preventing muscle wasting and reversing muscle atrophy.

Clinical research indicates that supplemental HMB may:

• Increase the strength and lean muscle mass gains associated with training
• Increase strength, muscle mass and functional ability in older animals
• Slow the loss of muscle associated with stress and disease

Animal studies have shown that HMB is a critical element in preserving muscle size and function and is capable of slowing the loss of muscle associated with stress and disease. It also has been proven capable of increasing muscle strength and functional ability in adult and senior animals. As such, it is considered to be a vital component in osteoarthritic conditions where muscle atrophy occurs as a result of limiting the use of affected limbs.

HMB also supports important components of the immune system. Clinical studies in animal models indicate that HMB allows for peak functioning of the immune system enabling it to maximally respond to infectious agents.

Studies conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University have demonstrated that using HMB following surgery or during injury repair helps to decrease the amount of weight loss, increase both the rate and strength of wound healing, and positively influence nitrogen balance resulting in a decreased rate of skeletal muscle.

Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a very long chain of disaccharides (sugars) present in all connective tissues that is responsible for retaining moisture. As animals age, levels of hyaluronic acid can decrease by as much as 50 percent. Magnesium and zinc deficiencies appear to accelerate this loss.

Hyaluronic acid is a substance that attaches to collagen and elastin to form cartilage. HA not only helps keep the cartilage that cushions joints strong and flexible, but also helps increase supplies of joint-lubricating synovial fluid.

Together, synovial fluid and cartilage act as shock absorbers that can withstand a tremendous amount of wear and tear. However, in joints afflicted by arthritis, hyaluronic acid levels become extremely low, causing the synovial fluid to become less viscous and the cartilage less effective.

Hyaluronic acid performs many important functions. It helps deliver nutrients to and carries toxins from the cells that do not have a blood supply (cartilage). Not only does it keep joints lubricated, but hyaluronic acid also encourages water retention in other bodily tissues. It is found in large concentrations in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the fluid-filled space between cells. HA locks moisture into the ECM, keeping collagen and elastin moist.

One of the most researched benefits of hyaluronic acid is in osteoarthritis. Its effectiveness in this area is related to its concentration in the knees, hips, and other moving joints. It is a major component of both cartilage and the synovial fluid that bathes these joints, binding to water to create a thick, gelatinous substance that lubricates and protects the joint cartilage.

Hyaluronic Acid is found in all bones and cartilage structures throughout the body. HA is especially found in various forms of cartilage but none more than the hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of the long bones where articulation (bending) occurs and provides a cushioning effect for the bones.

Animal joints (like the elbows and knees) are surrounded by a membrane called the synovial membrane which forms a capsule around the ends of the two articulating bones. This membrane secretes a viscous liquid called the synovial fluid, which provides the elastic shock absorbing properties to the joint. Synovial fluid also carries nutrients to the cartilage and removes waste from the joint capsule.

Connective tissue is found everywhere in the body. Its major functions include binding, support, protection, and insulation of the tissues that make up the animal body. One such example of connective tissue is the cordlike structures that connect muscle to bone (tendons) and bone to bone (ligaments). In all connective tissue there are three structural elements: ground substance (hyaluronic acid), stretchy fibers (collagen and elastin) and a fundamental cell type.

One of the most talked about inositol benefits is how it benefits hair. It’s a member of the B complex family, which promotes strong, healthier hair.

Recent advances in biochemical research have identified inositol as an important dietary and cellular constituent. Biochemical functions include the regulation of cellular responses to external stimuli and/or nerve transmission as well as the mediation of enzyme activity through interactions with specific proteins. Inositol has been reported to be useful as an analgesic or mild pain reliever.

Functions of Inositol:

• Inositol hexaphosphate is a source of myo-inositol
• Inositol may be an antiproliferative agent as it is capable of chelating divalent cations, which are important for tumor growth
• Inositol may have antioxidant activity as it aids in enhancing natural killer cell activity

Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of sugar into fructose and glucose. Invertase is usually derived from yeast and is one of the secret enzyme ingredients in the candy-making industry.

Iodine is a chemical element the body needs but cannot make it, so Iodine must come from diet. The thyroid gland needs iodine to make hormones. If the thyroid doesn’t have enough iodine to do its job, systems in the body cause the thyroid to work harder. This can cause an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), which causes a swollen neck. Other consequences of not having enough iodine (iodine deficiency) are also serious.

Iron is a mineral that is necessary for many functions. Iron is part of hemoglobin, a protein which carries oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. It helps muscles store and use oxygen. Iron is also part of many other proteins and enzymes. Causes of low iron levels include blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from foods. On the other hand, too much iron can damage the body.

Kelp is large brown algae found in the Pacific Ocean and the cold waters of Norway and Sweden. The nutritional value of kelp is dependent on the species, season, temperature of the water and geographic area.

Functions of Kelp:

• Contains numerous micro-minerals
• Is rich in iodine, important in the biological function of thyroid hormones
• Capable of interrupting the signaling mechanism that plaque organisms (bacteria) use to connect to each other via the formation of a biofilm.

Kelp provides many health benefits, including: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, antibiotic, antiviral, and immune-stimulating.

Kelp has been shown to contain 46 minerals, 16 amino acids (the building blocks of protein) and 11 different vitamins. Prominent among the minerals are iodine, salt, iron, potassium, phosphorus and calcium. The prominent vitamins in kelp are vitamin A and niacin.

Due to Kelp’s high level of natural iodine, it is essential in regulating thyroid hormones and therefore metabolism and energy levels. An iodine deficiency can slow metabolic function by as much at 50 percent, so including kelp can naturally and significantly improve weight loss and other associated health problems.

Kelp helps in skin hydration, which may be particularly important during certain illnesses or if exposed to too much heat and sun. Our dogs and cats do not have the ability to release heat through sweating and are easily overheated and can rapidly become dehydrated.

Kelp contributes to maintaining acid base balance in the body due to its alkaline nature. It is also beneficial in cancer prevention, particularly in estrogen sensitive cancers such as breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.

Source of Type II Collagen, Chondroitin & Hyaluronic Acid

Type II collagen is a major component of hyaline joint cartilage and is a direct source of collagen cells needed for the replacement of worn or damaged articular cartilage.

• Type II collagen is found in all cartilage and the fluid of the eye
• Type II collagen is a natural source of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, essential components in maintaining optimum joint health

Chondroitin is a major component of joint cartilage, which helps to cushion the joints, helps produce new cartilage, and stops enzymes from breaking cartilage down.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a substance that attaches to collagen and elastin to add strength and elasticity to joints. It also helps increase the supply of joint-lubricating synovial fluid.

The compound is a natural precursor to a neurotransmitter called serotonin, which helps produce “feel-good” chemicals in the brain and body. The body produces serotonin through a series of chemical steps, starting with the amino acid L-tryptophan. One of the chemicals on the way from transforming L-tryptophan to serotonin is L-5-Hydroxytryptophan.

Many studies into the health benefits of 5-HTP and sleep are based on animal models. A 2018 study looked into the effects of L-5-Hydroxytryptophan and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) on fruit flies, mice, and rats. The scientists used caffeine to induce sleeplessness, then they administered the GABA/L-5-Hydroxytryptophan combination. They found the combination could induce sleep and appeared to enhance sleep quality and length of sleeping time. Another study found that L-5-Hydroxytryptophan may be beneficial in treating disorders of arousal, such as sleep terrors and sleepwalking.

Taking L-5-Hydroxytryptophan may help promote weight loss or maintain a healthy weight.

L-arginine is an amino acid naturally found in red meat, poultry, fish, and dairy. It’s necessary for making proteins and is commonly used for circulation. L-arginine is converted in the body into a chemical called nitric oxide. Nitric oxide causes blood vessels to open wider for improved blood flow. L-arginine also stimulates the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body. It can be made in a lab and used in supplements.

The benefits of L-arginine include:

• Chest pain (angina)
• High blood pressure
• Narrowing of blood vessels that causes poor blood flow to the limbs

L-carnitine is a chemical that helps the body turn fat into energy. L-carnitine is important for heart and brain function, muscle movement, and many other body processes. The body can convert L-carnitine to other chemicals called acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine.

Carnosine is a naturally-occurring amino-acid, which has powerful immune boosting and antiaging properties. Carnosine has been found to be a potent antioxidant that protects against accelerated brain aging by preventing lipid peroxidation within the cell membrane. Carnosine supplementation may help to extend the life of every cell in the animal body.

Functions of Carnosine:

• Increases muscle strength and endurance.
• Protects against radiation damage.
• Improves the function of the heart.
• Speeds wound healing.
• Super antioxidant that quenches even the most destructive free radicals.
• Boosts immunity and reduces inflammation.
• It helps chelate certain heavy metals removing them from the body.

Carnosine is a potent antioxidant shown to dramatically lower mitochondrial damage typically caused by stress and glycation (protein-sugar bonding) leading to cellular dysfunction and disease.

Carnosine coupled with other natural nutrients known to be neuroprotective can lower the oxidative stress placed on critical brain structures and provide an effective shield against the development and progression of brain disease. Carnosine may play an important role in both slowing the onset of and potentially reversing the effects of cognitive dysfunction in dogs and cats.

Carnosine slows the aging process in animals by inhibiting the formation of age-inducing substances called “advanced glycation end products” (AGEs). Studies suggest that Carnosine also protects DNA and proteins from cross-linking. In addition, laboratory studies have shown that it can rejuvenate senescent cells (the end of the life cycle of dividing cells) thus restoring and extending normal cellular life span.

Numerous animal studies indicate Carnosine protects against radiation damage, improves heart function, and promotes wound healing. It is thought that this unique di-peptide is the water-soluble counterpart to vitamin E in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage.

Carnosine also possesses other suggested roles such as a modulator of enzyme activities and chelator of heavy metals (a substance that binds heavy metals, reducing their toxicity). In addition, it appears to act as a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger in the nervous system).

Glutamine is an important amino acid with many functions in the body, including a special role in intestinal health. It’s a building block of protein and a critical part of the immune system. Like other amino acids, it exists in two different forms:

• L-glutamine: The form found in foods and supplements to make protein and perform other functions. Some supplements list it as L-glutamine, but others simply use the broader term glutamine. L-glutamine can be produced naturally in your body and is the most abundant amino acid in the blood and other body fluids.
• D-glutamine: D-glutamine appears to be relatively unimportant in living organisms.

Almost any food containing protein will contain some L-glutamine, but amounts vary. Animal foods are good sources due to their protein contents. Getting enough protein in your pet’s diet can ensure they are getting enough.

Glycine is an amino acid, a building block for protein, and improves memory & cognitive function.

Glycine provides benefits for the following conditions:

• Insomnia
• Cystic fibrosis
• Cancer prevention
• Liver protection

Histidine is an amino acid used to treat metabolic syndrome, diarrhea caused by cholera infection, rheumatoid arthritis, allergic diseases, ulcers, and anemia caused by kidney failure or kidney dialysis.

Isoleucine is an essential amino acid that helps make hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying pigment inside of red blood cells that may help control blood sugar. Isoleucine may also boost energy and endurance and is said to help speed healing of injured muscles. Isoleucine may also help muscle development and lean body mass. Foods that have high amounts of isoleucine include eggs, soy protein, seaweed, turkey, chicken, lamb, cheese, and fish.

Leucine is one of the 3 essential branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) that helps promote energy. Leucine improves exercise performance, builds muscle mass, & helps recovery from exercise. Leucine may also help in healing skin and bones.

Lysine is an amino acid, a building block of protein, that the body cannot make on it’s own, so it must be a part of your pet’s diet.

Benefits of Lysine include:

• Muscle strength
• Helps high blood pressure
• Improves stress
• Athletic performance

DL-Methionine is one of nine essential amino acids and is required for growth and tissue repair. A sulphur-containing amino acid, DL-Methionine improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails. Involved in many detoxifying processes, sulphur provided by DL-Methionine protects cells from pollutants, slows cell aging, and is essential for absorption and bio-availability of selenium and zinc.

L-Ornithine is an amino acid commonly used for improving athletic performance, weight loss, wound healing, and to increase sleep quality. Taking L-Ornithine may reduce fatigue and improve measures of athletic performance such as speed, strength, and power.

Phenylalanine is an amino acid that is often used to treat skin disorders.

L-theanine is an amino acid with a purpose to help ease anxiety, stress, and reduce insomnia.

Research suggests that L-theanine may improve the function of the body’s immune system. With a study finding that L-theanine could help decrease upper respiratory tract infections, evidence also suggests that L-theanine could help improve inflammation in the intestinal tract.

Other benefits of L-theanine include:

• May be beneficial for those who experience increased blood pressure in stressful situations
• Researchers found that doses of 250 mg and 400 mg of L-theanine greatly improved sleep in animals and humans

Threonine is an essential amino acid used to treat muscle conditions.

Tryptophan is an amino acid needed for growth and maintenance of the proteins, muscles, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. The body uses tryptophan to help make melatonin and serotonin. Melatonin helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, and serotonin is thought to help regulate appetite, sleep, mood, and pain. The liver can also use tryptophan to produce niacin (vitamin B3), which is needed for energy metabolism and DNA production.

L-Tyrosine has been used in alternative medicine as an effective aid in improving mental performance, alertness, and memory. L-Tyrosine is an amino acid, which is a building block of protein that produces naturally in the body. L-Tyrosine can also be found in certain foods such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts, oats, and wheat.

L-Tyrosine has also been used to treat depression and attention deficit disorder (ADD or ADHD). Other benefits still being proven with ongoing research have included dementia, high blood pressure, narcolepsy, schizophrenia, weight loss, premenstrual syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, & other conditions.

Valine is an amino acid that promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. Valine also helps promote:

• Mental vigor
• Muscle coordination
• Calm emotions

Lactase is an enzyme that helps break down lactose, a sugar in milk and milk products. Some bodies do not make enough lactase, so they are not able to digest milk well, which can lead to diarrhea, cramps, and gas. This is referred to as “lactose intolerance.” Taking supplemental lactase can help break down lactose by splitting the milk sugar lactose, which produces the sugars glucose and galactose.

Taking Lactase can prevent symptoms such as:

• Diarrhea
• Cramps
• Gas

L. acidophilus is the most prevalent probiotic (good bacteria) found in the intestine of the dog and cat. The good bacteria are present in order to protect against bad bacteria that cause disease. For example: When L. acidophilus breaks down food in the intestine, several substances are formed such as lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide that create an unfriendly environment for the bad bacteria.

Antibiotics are known for their ability to kill bacteria, however, they don’t discriminate between the “friendly” and “unfriendly” organisms. Many things (disease and stress) can create an imbalance between the good and bad bacteria in the intestines. Restoring balance can be accomplished by providing probiotics (the good bacteria).

Lactobacillus Functions:

• Aids in digestion and suppressing disease-causing bacteria
• Inhibits the adhesion of pathogens to the digestive tract mucosal wall
• Treating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease
• Improves intestinal motility and strengthens mucosal barrier functions
• Improves lactose tolerance
• Enhances the immune system

Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei is a bacterium (probiotic) that offers protection against illnesses and disease by not permitting harmful bacteria to multiply and cause infections. L. casei improves an animal’s ability to produce Lactobacillus acidophilus the primary probiotic found in the canine and feline intestine.

Functions of L. casei:

• Digestion and absorption of food
• Diarrhea and constipation control
• Reduce gut inflammation
• Reduce lactose intolerance
• Improved immune function

Lactobacillus plantarum

The ability of L. plantarum to produce antimicrobial substances that have shown significant effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is beneficial to maintaining normal gut health.

L. plantarum also helps to maintain intestinal permeability. It is able to suppress the growth of gas producing bacteria in the intestines and may have some benefit in animals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.

Lactobacillus reuteri

As part of the Lactobacillus family, L. reuteri has many of the same broad ranging probiotic health benefits. In dogs, researchers have found that L. reuteri may be the most resistant probiotic and may especially be helpful in controlling canine intestinal infections.

Lactobacillus casei is a bacterium (probiotic) that offers protection against illnesses and disease by not permitting harmful bacteria to multiply and cause infections. L. casei improves an animal’s ability to produce Lactobacillus acidophilus the primary probiotic found in the canine and feline intestine.

Functions of L. casei:

• Digestion and absorption of food
• Diarrhea and constipation control
• Reduce gut inflammation
• Reduce lactose intolerance
• Improved immune function

The ability of Lactobacillus plantarum to produce antimicrobial substances that have shown significant effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is beneficial to maintaining normal gut health. L. plantarum also helps to maintain intestinal permeability. It is able to suppress the growth of gas producing bacteria in the intestines and may have some benefit in animals suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. Lactobacillus Plantarum is a probiotic bacteria that promotes gut health and a stronger immune system.

Research shows that Lactobacillus Plantarum may help with the following medical issues:

• Anxiety
• Diabetes
• Eczema
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)

In addition, Lactobacillus Plantarum is said to sharpen memory, enhance athletic performance, and promote weight loss.

Lactobacillus reuteri is a lactic acid bacterium found in a variety of natural environments, including the gastrointestinal tract of many animal species. It does not appear to be pathogenic and has health benefits. As part of the Lactobacillus family, L. reuteri has many of the same broad ranging probiotic health benefits. In dogs, researchers have found that L. reuteri may be the most resistant probiotic and may especially be helpful in controlling canine intestinal infections.

Lactobacillus Reuteri inhibits the growth of some harmful Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, along with yeasts, fungi, and protozoa. Researchers found that Lactobacillus Reuteri can secrete sufficient amounts of reuterin to achieve the desired antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, since about four to five times the amount of reuterin is needed to kill “good” gut bacteria (i.e. L. reuteri and other Lactobacillus species) as “bad”, this would allow Lactobacillus Reuteri to remove gut invaders without harming other gut microbiota.

Supplementing the diets of young animals with Lactobacillus Reuteri helps them to largely overcome the stresses imposed by unhealthy environments. Lactobacillus Reuteri serves to protect against illness caused by S. typhimurium and other pathogens, which are much more common in crowded commercial farms. However, other studies found that it can help when the growth depression is caused entirely by a lack of dietary protein, and not by contagious disease. This raises the possibility that Lactobacillus Reuteri improves the intestines’ ability to absorb and process nutrients.

Lecithin is a fat that is essential in the cells of the body. Lecithin is used for treating memory disorders and is also used for treating gallbladder disease, liver disease, high cholesterol, anxiety, and skin disease.

Lemon balm, a member of the mint family, is also considered a calming herb. It was used as far back as the Middle Ages by man to reduce stress and anxiety, promote sleep, improve appetite, and ease pain and discomfort from indigestion (including gas and bloating, as well as colic). Today, lemon balm is often combined with other calming, soothing herbs, such as valerian root, chamomile, and hops, to promote relaxation.

Several studies show that lemon balm combined with other calming herbs (such as valerian root and chamomile) helps reduce anxiety and can promote calmness in animals.

Some evidence suggests that lemon balm, in combination with other herbs, may help treat indigestion (a side-effect of animal stress). Other studies show that lemon balm has a high degree of antibacterial activity.

The consumption of Linoleic Acid is vital to proper health, as it is an essential fatty acid. Linoleic acid has beneficial properties on the skin. Research points to Linoleic Acid’s anti-inflammatory, acne reductive, skin-lightening, and moisture retentive properties as all benefits to the skin. It is found in safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean oils, sesame, and almonds.

Lipase is an enzyme primarily produced by the pancreas to help digest dietary fats. Lipase is usually present in the blood in small quantities. When cells in the pancreas are injured, increased amounts of lipase enter the blood and result in higher concentrations in the blood. This can occur in conditions such as pancreatitis, or when the pancreatic duct is blocked by a gallstone or, in rare cases, by a pancreatic tumor. Individuals with Celiac disease, Indigestion issues, or Cystic fibrosis may find benefits from Lipase.

Lutein is a yellow-to-orange colored pigment that’s related to vitamin A. Lutein is concentrated in the retina of the eye making it a necessary component of healthy vision. It also works as an antioxidant to reduce the damage done by free radicals and may support blood vessel health.

Zeaxanthin is a bioflavonoid pigment whose benefits include keeping the eye healthy by increasing the level of the macular pigment in the eye. The macular pigment degenerates with age, but it increases by ingesting zeaxanthin.

Recent epidemiological and controlled clinical studies indicate that dietary lutein and zeaxanthin may be of benefit in maintaining both cognitive function and visual health.

Lutein and Zeaxanthin

• Lutein and Zeaxanthin are members of the carotenoid family, which are naturally present in the macula of the retina and lens of eyes
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin serve as accessory light-gathering pigments thereby protecting the eye against the toxic effects of ultra-violet radiation and oxygen
• The protective effect is due in part to the antioxidant (reactive oxygen species quenching) ability of Lutein and Zeaxanthin
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin are the only two carotenoids found in animal lenses and may protect them from age-related diseases affecting lens density and cataract formation.

Magnesium, next to potassium, is the most abundant intracellular cation. Magnesium is one of the macro minerals that play an essential role in about three hundred biochemical processes that take place inside the animal body including cellular energy generation, nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) synthesis, protein metabolism, maintaining acid-base balance and the functioning of nerves and muscles.

The excessive intake of calcium, phosphorus, oxalate and phytates can interfere with magnesium absorption. Approximately 50 — 60% of magnesium is found in bone with the rest residing in the muscle and soft tissue.

Clinical signs of Magnesium deficiency include: heart disease, diabetes and bone demineralization.

Functions of Magnesium:

• Affects many cellular functions associated with energy production (ATP), transporting potassium and calcium ions, modulating signal transduction and cell proliferation
• Essential for muscle contraction, nerve conduction, membrane integrity and vascular tone
• Regulation of magnesium is through the kidney, gastrointestinal tract and bone
• Essential for oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity
• Essential for DNA and RNA metabolism and protein synthesis
• Vital role in the stability of muscle and nerve cell membranes, cell-to-cell adhesion, extracellular matrix communication, calcium channel regulation in cardiac tissue, lymphocytic proliferation and platelet activation
• Required for the secretion and function of hormones that regulate bone metabolism
• Essential for the mineral structure of bones and teeth
• Has an important role in insulin reaction

Manganese Bisglycinate contains well-absorbed manganese, which is necessary for the body’s antioxidant SOD (Superoxide Dismutase). It also provides support for ligaments, tendons, joints, and muscles. is an essential component of healthy carbohydrate metabolism, reproductive function, and skeletal and cartilage development. Manganese Bisglycinate is an essential component of healthy carbohydrate metabolism, reproductive function, and skeletal and cartilage development.

Manganese Glycine provides essential micronutrients required by all Canines & Felines.

Benefits include:

• Increased animal performance
• Better pet vitality and productivity.

Manganese Glycine is essential for cartilage formation and the reproductive system. It protects against oxidation and is required for your pet’s energy supply and well-being.

Milk protein isolate is a type of protein supplement made from skim milk. Milk protein isolate contains a blend of casein and whey proteins in a ratio similar to the ratio found in cow’s milk. Milk protein isolate is an excellent source of protein and contains all the essential amino acids the body needs. It’s also a good source of branched-chain amino acids, such as leucine, which are important for muscle growth and recovery.

Milk Thistle alone has been touted for years as a powerful hepatic detoxicant used to treat liver disease. By itself, is does not contain strong antioxidant properties; however, in combination with Bacopa, Ashwagandha and Turmeric, it is considered a powerful activator of the Nrf2 animal response.

MSM is a biological form of sulfur. Sulfur is required for the repair and maintenance of joint tissues and the construction of connective tissues. Sulfur is especially important for the body’s production of Chondroitin sulfate, which acts to maintain the proper moisture level in joints, and therefore the cushioning properties of cartilage in joint tissue. Supplementing with MSM ensures that the body has adequate amounts of sulfur.

Mucopolysaccharides are long chains of sugar molecules more commonly called glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans increase the viscosity of bodily fluids by attracting water molecules to their surface, effectively making them slippery. This makes them useful in synovial fluid, the lubricant in certain joints and in the extracellular matrix (the fluid between cells). In the gel-like environment of the extracellular matrix, they enable the movement of nutrients and electrolytes throughout the body and also through the membranes of the cells. The large number of water molecules on their surface also makes mucopolysaccharides perfect components of cartilage and tendons because it gives them resiliency.

NAC is an amino acid and antioxidant. It is a precursor in the body to the critical antioxidant glutathione, which is produced intracellularly primarily by the liver. Glutathione exerts a variety of protective effects, including detoxification and intracellular defense against oxidative stress.

N Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC)

• NAC is the N-acetyl derivative of the protein amino acid L-cysteine.
• NAC is the delivery form of L-cysteine. It is more stable and better absorbed.
• NAC is a reducing agent with antioxidant activity.
• Other known activity is as a mucolytic, hepatoprotectant and anti-apoptotic, particularly in pancreatic beta-cells and nerve cells.

Adaptogens like DMG normalize physiological functions and helps to maintain homeostasis within the animal body. These physiological functions include maintaining normal blood glucose levels, pH, blood pressure, oxygen flow to the tissues, hormone levels, cholesterol levels, and levels of important biologically active nutrients.

Functions of Dimethylglycine:

• DMG is a metabolic enhancer that can provide increased benefits when supplemented even if there isn’t a deficiency.
• DMG helps the process of metabolism (breaking down or building up of compounds in the body).
• DMG is a completely safe hypoallergenic nutrient.
• The amount of DMG decreases as animals grow older. Decreased DMG can lead to immuno-dysfunction, which increases susceptibility to stress and infection.
• DMG improves oxygen utilization, detoxification, cell protection and immune system modulation.
• A major health benefit of DMG is immune function, enhanced cardiovascular function and improved mental and physical performance.
• DMG donates methyl groups for the remethylation (recycling) of SAMe (sulfur-adenosylmethionine) the major methyl donor in the animal body.
• DMG aids in recovery from intense physical activity, degenerative diseases and surgery. DMG is an adaptogen that works with other cofactors to counteract the negative effects of stress, promote healing and prevent degenerative diseases such as diabetes, cancer, arthritis and heart disease.
• DMG detoxifies the blood and improves the function of the liver and other organs. DMG enhances circulation aiding in physical endurance and energy production.
• DMG affects the efficiency of cellular reactions and improves the nutritional environment of the cell.
• DMG works best in combination with other vitamins, minerals and amino acids to energize and stimulate metabolism. Vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid can potentiate DMG due to synergy.

Niacinamide is used to prevent vitamin B3 deficiency and related conditions. It is also used for diabetes, oral cancer, osteoarthritis, and many other conditions. Niacinamide is required for the proper function of fats and sugars in the body and to maintain healthy cells. There are two forms of vitamin B3 — niacin and niacinamide. Niacinamide is found in many foods including yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans, and cereal grains.

The Phase II Response

The animal body has a unique mechanism for increasing its level of antioxidants under emergency situations. This process has been called the Phase II Response. When this mechanism is triggered, it can affect some 230 survival genes largely responsible for the production, use and recycling of cellular antioxidants and reducing agents. In other words, under certain circumstances animals have the ability to protect themselves from excessive oxidative challenges.

The triggering of the Phase II response is predominantly facilitated by the transcription factor Nrf2. Nrf2 is a powerful protein that remains dormant within each cell of the animal body, unable to operate until it is released by an Nrf2 activator. Once released it migrates into the cell nucleus and bonds to the DNA at the location of the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE), which is the master regulator of the entire antioxidant system.

The majority of survival genes induced by Nrf2 are glutathione synthesis, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferases and glutathione peroxidases, all of which play an important role in Canine & Feline stress resistance and cellular protection. Nrf2 also can inhibit 30 to 40 genes that are associated with many diseases including the age-related diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

Recently, science has demonstrated that a variety of phytochemicals including (Bacopa, Ashwagandha, Turmeric, Milk thistle and Sulforaphane) are all potentially powerful activators of the Nrf2 protein. While not necessarily rich in antioxidants themselves, these phytochemicals directly affect a dog or cat's innate ability to produce vast new numbers of antioxidants.

The Omega-3 fatty acid series begins with alpha linolenic acid (ALA). The dog and cat find it difficult to synthesize n-3 fatty acids. They must come from either the diet or through supplementation. In order for Alpha linolenic acid to be converted to the key n-3 fatty acids Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) specific desaturase and elongase enzymes must be available. These enzymes are considered insufficient in the dog early in life and for the most part lacking in the cat.

Marine plants and animals (algae, certain fish, krill and squid) are all able to convert ALA to EPA and DHA and are therefore the best direct dietary or supplemental sources of EPA and DHA for the dog and cat.

Functions of Omega-3 Fatty Acids:

• Anti-inflammation
• Anti-Platelet Aggregation (reduced clot formation)
• Vasodilation
• Non-immunosuppressive
• Retinal development
• Brain development

EPA is primarily incorporated into the heart, blood plasma and prostate tissues. It is also present in cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. DHA is one of the most abundant components of structural lipids in the brain and is essential for brain development and function during fetal development and in the growing dog and cat. DHA is also present in blood plasma, phospholipids, the heart, prostate and rods of the eye.

Omega 3 fatty acids are incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids where they are converted to eicosanoids that facilitates decreased production of prostaglandin E2 metabolites (a potent inflammatory agent) and thromboxane A2 (a potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor). Omega 3 fatty acids lead to a decrease in leukotriene B4 (a potent chemotaxic agent and an inducer of inflammation) resulting in immunomodulation.

Once n-3 fatty acids are incorporated into the membrane phospholipids, these polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit many additional biological functions, such as:

• Altering membrane fluidity
• Signal transduction
• Gene expression
• Hepatic lipogenesis inhibition
• Fatty acid oxidation in the liver
• Decreased triglyceride levels in the blood

Spray-Dried Vegetable Oil is a source of Omega-6 fatty acid which the body can convert to substances that reduce inflammation and cell growth. This is used to improve conditions like:

• Arthritis
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol and other blood fats
• Heart disease
• Other conditions.

Phosphatidic acid (PA) is a lipid messenger that has been shown to increase muscle protein synthesis via signaling stimulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). It is specifically recognized by diverse proteins and plays an important role in cellular signaling and membrane dynamics in all eukaryotes.

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) plays an essential role in the overall health of all dogs and cats. Their cell membranes are primarily made up of phospholipids, the most abundant one being Phosphatidylcholine (PC). Typical food sources of PC include egg yolks, soy lecithin, red meats, sunflower seeds, liver, and spinach. Very little PC is found in typical pet food offerings thus making supplementation quite beneficial. PC is the precursor of sphingomyelin, an important component in the myelin sheath of every nerve cell and also provides needed Choline for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Primary benefits of PC supplementation include enhancing memory, improving brain function, slowing cognitive decline and has also been used to protect the liver from the accumulation of fat and cholesterol. The normal dosage of PC for the dog and cat ranges between 0.5 & 1.0 mg/Lb. Dr. Barnett’s Canine Cognitive Support provides 49.10 mg/scoop or 1.47 mg/Lb. while Dr. Barnett’s Feline Cognitive Support provides 12.37 mg/scoop or 1.54 mg/Lb.

Phosphatidylcholine is an integral component of almost every cell in the animal body and has been proven safe and effective over decades of study as a therapeutic agent.

Functions of Phosphatidylcholine:

• Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes and is important for normal cellular membrane composition and repair
• PPC is the major supplier of the essential nutrient choline, which is the precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the methyl donor betaine and sphingomyelin
• PPC’s role in cell-membrane integrity is vital to all basic biological processes such as:
  • Information flow within cells from DNA to RNA to proteins
  • The formation of cellular energy and intercellular communication or signal transduction
• PPC maintains fluid levels within membranes. A decrease in fluid membrane levels can result in a breakdown of cell-membrane integrity as well as impairment of cell-membrane repair mechanisms, which is associated with disorders including liver disease, neurological disease, various cancers and cell death

Phosphatidylcholine has been shown to play a vital role in many important areas including maintaining cell structure, fat metabolism, memory, nerve signaling, as a precursor to important neurotransmitters, and liver health.

Of the thousands of molecules that make up a living cell, Phosphatidylcholine is one of the most fundamental and important. A vital component of the cell membrane, it is the most abundant in a class of phospholipids known as “essential phospholipids”, as it forms the structural skin that surrounds the cell.

Phosphatidylcholine is often referred to as the “Miracle Molecule” and its importance in anti-aging continues to be explored in both man and animal.

Phosphatidylcholine Benefits:

• Skin Health
• Fat Metabolism
• Liver Health
• Weight Loss
• Improved Memory
• Intestinal Health
• Neuropsychiatric Disorders

The role of Phosphatidylcholine in Aging

Normally found in very high concentrations in newborns, particularly in brain tissue, PPC levels decline over time. The typical animal diet is more than likely deficient in PPC as phospholipids are not part of the essential nutrient guidelines provided to pet food manufacturers. By supplementing with Phosphatidylcholine, we can increase the levels in our pet’s cells and effectively halt or potentially reverse age-related cognitive decline and other diseases associated with advanced aging.

Many studies have found Phosphatidylcholine supplements can improve learning, aid memory, help promote skin elasticity, and even support optimal liver function.

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. Phosphatidylethanolamines in food break down to form phosphatidylethanolamine linked Amadori products as a part of the Maillard reaction. These products accelerate membrane lipid peroxidation, causing oxidative stress to cells that come in contact with them. Oxidative stress is known to cause food deterioration. Significant levels of Amadori-phosphatidylethanolamine products have been found in a wide variety of foods such as chocolate, soybean milk, infant formula, and other processed foods. The levels of Amadori-phosphatidylethanolamine products are higher in foods with high lipid and sugar concentrations that have high temperatures in processing.

Phosphatidylinositol consists of a family of lipids which, in the context of independent variation, is a class of the phosphatidyl glycerides. In such molecules, the isomer of the inositol group is assumed to be the myo- conformer unless otherwise stated. Typically, phosphatidylinositols form a minor component on the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes. The phosphate group gives the molecules a negative charge at physiological pH. The form of phosphatidylinositol comprising the isomer muco-inositol acts as a sensory receptor in the taste function of the sensory system. In this context it is often referred to as PtdIns, but that does not imply any molecular difference from phosphatidylinositol’s comprising the myo- conformers of inositol. The phosphatidylinositol can be phosphorylated to form phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PI-4-P, referred to as PIP in close context or informally), phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PIP3). All lipids based on phosphatidylinositol are known as inositides, or sometimes phosphoinositide.

Phosphatidylserine is a key component of the cell membrane and is essential for cell-to-cell communication and transfer of biochemical messages into the cell (especially within the brain and central nervous system).

Functions of Phosphatidylserine (PPS)

• Phosphatidylserine is a structural component of biological membranes of animals
• PPS was first isolated from brain lipids called cephalins
• The two major cephalins are phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine
• PPS may have cognition enhancing activity

Phosphatidylserine supplements are purported to preserve memory, improve mood, and enhance exercise performance.

Phosphatidylserine may help improve memory function in older animals. A 2010 study published in the Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition reported that78 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment were assigned to six months of treatment with phosphatidylserine supplementation. In tests performed at the end of the six-month period, participants with relatively low memory scores at the start of the study were found to have experienced a significant improvement in memory.

Preliminary research indicates that phosphatidylserine holds promise in the treatment of depression. In a 2004 study published in Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, tests on rats demonstrated that phosphatidylserine may offer an anti-depressive effect.

Phosphatidylserine supplements may help boost exercise capacity and improve performance in athletic dogs. According to a 2006 report published in Sports Medicine the use of phosphatidylserine supplements among exercising humans helped to decrease muscle soreness and protect against increase in levels of cortisol (a stress hormone) that often occurs as a result of overtraining.

Phosphatidylcholine is an integral component of almost every cell in the animal body.

• Phosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes and is important for normal cellular membrane composition and repair
• PPC is the major supplier of the essential nutrient choline, which is the precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the methyl donor betain and sphingomyelin

Phosphatidylserine is a key component of the cell membrane and is essential for cell-to-cell communication and transfer of biochemical messages into the cell (especially within the brain and central nervous system).

Phosphorus, an essential mineral, is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. Phosphorus is a component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA. In the form of phospholipids, phosphorus is also a component of cell membrane structure and of the body’s key energy source, ATP. In addition, phosphorus plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage. Phosphorus also helps nerves and muscles do their jobs. It’s a buffer that keeps the pH level in blood balanced. Phosphorus also helps you turn fat, carbs, and protein into energy. Phosphorus is essential to all living things, including plants and animals.

Phytase is used to increase the absorption of minerals like calcium, iron, and zinc. Sometimes used as a medicine, Phytase is a chemical found in the digestive system and in plant food and bacteria & yeast cells. During digestion, Phytase breaks down a chemical called phytic acid, which helps to release iron and zinc so that the body can absorb them better.

Potassium is a mineral that the body needs to work properly. It is a type of electrolyte and helps nerves to function and muscles to contract. It helps your pet’s heartbeat stay regular. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium’s harmful effects on blood pressure.

Benefits of Potassium include:

• Blood pressure & cardiovascular health
• Bone and muscle maintenance
• Kidney Health

Probiotics are healthy bacteria normally found in the intestinal tract that stimulate digestion and promote gut health. When adequate numbers of good bacteria are present, they are able to suppress the amount of pathogenic (harmful) bacteria that can cause serious illness. Maintaining a high level of good gut bacteria has been shown to have long term health benefits. Supplementation is the only way to assure that viable Probiotics are being provided.

Proteolytic enzymes (Protease) are used for a long list of conditions including cleaning wounds on the skin, help with digestion, pain & swelling, and many other conditions. Proteases are enzymes (made by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria) that break down protein.

Benefits of Protease include:

• Digestive support
• Muscle soreness
• Wound healing

Protease also plays a role in essential processes such as blood clotting, cell division, recycling of proteins, and immune support.

Source of essential amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of protein metabolism.

Dogs need high quality protein every day in order to receive adequate amounts of each amino acid in the correct ratio and proportion for efficient use. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the dog and must be provided in their diet or through supplementation.

The essential amino acids role in Feline fitness and health include:

• They are critical components required for building and maintaining muscle.
• Participate in the production and regulation of hormones, such as insulin and growth hormone.
• Responsible for the production of antibodies and white blood cells that protect an cat’s body from disease causing organisms.

Proteoglycans are huge, complex molecules composed of proteins and sugars. They interlink with the collagen fibers, forming a dense matrix inside the cartilage, making it resilient so that it can stretch when an animal moves and then spring back into place. Proteoglycans also trap water from the tissues, acting like a sponge giving cartilage the flexibility needed to compensate for constant movement in the joint.

Psyllium is known for its ability to cleanse the colon by attaching to various intestinal toxins, pulling them aside and removing them naturally. Psyllium seeds are high in dietary fiber and zinc.

Medicinal Uses:

• Constipation — increases moisture content in large intestine and colon
• High cholesterol — stimulates bile acid synthesis
• Intestinal problems — promotes healthy intestinal bacteria

Psyllium is derived from the seed of the Plantago psyllium plant. Mucilage is a beneficial portion of psyllium that is a type of soluble fiber with unique high water binding capacities. Psyllium is able to absorb up to 10 times its own weight in water. This can result in a bulking effect in the digestive tract and can also impact gut motility and transit rate.

Psyllium Benefits:

• Helps satisfy the demanding appetite of some dogs or cats that may beg for more food
• Creates the feeling of fullness since it is able to absorb 10 times its own weight in water
• Aids in weight control
• Promote an optimal stool quality
• Helps to absorb excess water in the colon and assist in forming a firmer stool
• Aids in the regulation of blood glucose levels

Which dogs and cats can benefit from psyllium?

• Overweight dogs and cats
• Begging dogs and cats
• Very small breed dogs with constipated stools
• Large and giant breed dogs with softer stools
• Diabetic animals

Quercetin belongs to a group of polyphenolic substances known as flavonoids that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, Immunomodulatory, anticancer and gastro-protective activities.

Animal studies have shown that quercetin inhibits the degranulation of mast cells, basophiles and neutrophils, which lends credence to its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy and immunomodulating activities.

Additional studies suggest that quercetin inhibits tyrosine kinase and nitric oxide synthase and that it modulates the activity of the inflammatory mediator NF-Kappa B.

The flavonoid Rutin is a flavanol glycoside comprised of the flavanol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose. Rutin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antithrombotic, cytoprotective and vasoprotective activities. Most of rutin’s activities can be related to its ability to scavenge superoxide radicals and chelate ferrous cations, which generate reactive oxygen species. Rutin may also help maintain levels of the biological antioxidant reduced glutathione.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that supports many bodily processes including improved cognition, immune system function, and fertility. Selenium is a nutrient that plays a key role in maintaining thyroid hormone metabolism and DNA synthesis and provides protection from oxidative damage and infection.

Selenium provides protection from the following conditions:

• Cardiovascular disease
• Cognitive decline
• Thyroid disorders
• Cancer
• Other benefits.

Sodium Selenite is the most common water-soluble selenium compound. Because selenium is an essential element, sodium selenite is an ingredient in dietary supplements such as multi-vitamin/mineral products, but supplements that provide only selenium use L-selenomethionine or a selenium-enriched yeast.

Recent studies suggest that Nrf2-mediated signaling, which controls the expression of many genes responsible for protecting against oxidative stress is regulated by sulforaphane, a compound contained within broccoli.

Other studies have shown that sulforaphane offers cellular protection in several models of brain injury. When administered following traumatic brain injury (TBI), sulforaphane passed through the blood-brain barrier and reduced cerebral edema.

Taurine is a sulfur amino acid known to play an important role in vision, brain activity, the nervous system and cardiac function.

Functions of Taurine:

• Taurine is an essential dietary nutrient for cats but dispensable in dogs consuming adequate quantities of sulfur-containing amino acids
• Taurine is a non-protein metabolic end product of the amino acid L-cysteine
• Taurine is found in high levels in the brain, retina, heart, skeletal and smooth muscle, platelets and neutrophils
• Taurine is required in infant animals for normal retinal and brain development and may need to be supplemented if not adequately supplied in their diet

Taurine is extremely important in the cat (a true obligate meat-eating carnivore) as it is primarily found in muscle meats, clams, oysters and some fish. Taurine deficient diets were shown to cause widespread blindness in kittens and dilated hearts in adult cats. Although Taurine does not appear to be as critical in dogs, under conditions of stress or disease the need for Taurine is increased and should be supplemented.

Taurine, unlike true amino acids, does not play a role in the metabolism of other proteins; yet, it is one of the most abundant free amino acids in specific tissues, including the brain, retina of the eye, skeletal and cardiac muscle and certain blood components. In the body, Taurine is synthesized from the essential amino acid methionine and its related non-essential amino acid cysteine.

Taurine is the second most abundant amino acid after Glutamine in the amino acid pool of muscle. Taurine is incorporated into one of the most abundant bile acids, chenodeoxycholic acid where it serves to emulsify dietary lipids in the intestine, promoting better digestion of fats.

Additional functions of Taurine include facilitating the passage of sodium, potassium and possibly calcium and magnesium ions into and out of cells and to electrically stabilize the cell membranes.

Due to its ability to neutralize hypochlorous acid, a potent oxidizing substance, Taurine acts as an antioxidant that is able to defend against DNA damage caused by aromatic amine compounds. Taurine is a potent neuro-protectant, protecting against glutamate excitotoxicity, cerebral ischemia, oxidative stress, and the buildup of toxins including carbon tetrachloride and ammonia in the brain. As an antioxidant, taurine is used to quench hypochlorite secreted by leukocyte immune cells. Taurine also aids in osmoregulation, the maintenance of proper concentrations of ions, inside the cell. Taurine is also an insulin mimetic allowing for better glucose deposition into muscles, which may benefit canine athletic performance.

Taurine may be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, including cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia, epilepsy and other seizure disorders, macular degeneration, canine and feline cognitive decline and various hepatic disorders. Taurine helps to regulate the heartbeat, is important in maintaining cell membrane stability and aids in the prevention of brain cell over-activity. Taurine comprises over 50 percent of the total free amino acid pool of the heart. As such, Taurine helps regulate the contraction and pumping action of the heart muscle while helping to regulate blood pressure and platelet aggregation. Taurine has a positive inotropic action on cardiac tissue and may be useful in the treatment of arrhythmias, especially arrhythmias secondary to ischemia.

Source of Collagen Types I, II, V & X, Chondroitin, Hyaluronic acid, and Natural Eggshell membrane

Collagen type I structurally supports the skin, tendon, ligaments, bone, teeth, and forms a sturdy matrix in between organs.

Type II collagen is a major component of hyaline joint cartilage and is a direct source of collagen cells needed for the replacement of worn or damaged articular cartilage.

Eggshell membrane has been shown to be effective in treating osteoarthritis, joint stiffness and pain. It is primarily composed of fibrous proteins such as collagen type I, V and X known for adding strength and flexibility to ligaments, tendons and other supporting structures of joints.

Turkey Tail mushrooms contain natural compounds (PSK and PSP) that enhance your pet's defenses by boosting immune cell activity and supporting gut health. Rich in antioxidants, these mushrooms help reduce oxidative stress while promoting cellular wellness. Studies show these mushrooms may help maintain your pet's resilience during times of stress or seasonal challenges. Give your furry companion the natural protection they deserve!

Curcuminoids are the polyphenolic yellow-orange pigments that are contained in turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-carcinogenic and hypocholesterolemic activities. Turmeric’s antioxidant activities include the ability to scavenge the reactive oxygen species (superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide) thereby inhibiting lipid peroxidation and the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Turmeric has been shown to be a powerful activator of the Nrf2 pathway in animals. The anti-inflammatory action of curcumin is due to its ability to inhibit the inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. It accomplishes this by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting AP-1 and NF-Kappa B, and affectively inhibiting the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In numerous studies, curcumin’s anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to be comparable to the potent drugs hydrocortisone and phenylbutazone as well as over-the-counter anti-inflammatory agents such as Motrin. Unlike the drugs, which are associated with significant toxic side effects (ulcer formation, decreased white blood cell count, intestinal bleeding etc.), curcumin produces no toxicity. In a recent rat study conducted to evaluate the effects of turmeric on the liver’s ability to detoxify harmful chemicals, the levels of two very important liver detoxification enzymes UDP glucuronyl transferase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were shown to be significantly elevated. When the rats were given curcumin for 14 days their liver production of GST increased by 16%, and a marker that indicates the occurrence of free radical damage decreased by 36% when compared with controls.

Valerian root is known for its calming effects and has been proven to be helpful in managing anxiety and reducing the dangerous side effects of stress. Valerian root increases gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain producing a relaxed, less anxious effect in both man and animals. Valerian also seems to be good for treating muscle pain and relieving joint pain.

Valerian Root Uses:

• Treat anxiety and unwanted behavioral responses
• Increase GABA production in the brain
• Relieve muscle and joint pain

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that’s required for the proper development and functioning of eyes, skin, immune system, and many other parts of the bodies. Vitamin A is found in many fruits, vegetables, eggs, whole milk, butter, fortified margarine, meat, oily saltwater fish, and more. Vitamin A deficiency can occur during protein deficiency, diabetes, over-active thyroid, fever, liver disease, cystic fibrosis, or an inherited disorder called abetalipoproteinemia.

There are 13 vitamins that our pets need, eight of which make up the B-group (or B-complex) vitamins.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin that is not stored in appreciable amounts; thus, it must be constantly supplied in the daily diet or through supplementation. The highest concentrations of Vitamin B1 are found in muscle, heart, liver, kidneys and the brain. In food, thiamin can be found in free form as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and as a protein phosphate complex.

Functions of Vitamin B1:

• As a coenzyme, B1 plays a key role in energy production
• Precursor of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or co-carboxylase, a coenzyme required by dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle) and by transketolase in the pentose phosphate shunt
• Affects all tissue especially nerve membranes, nerve conduction, the stomach and heart

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B2 is involved in the production of red blood cells and antibodies. B2 is also involved in respiration, regulating growth and reproduction. Riboflavin is needed for energy metabolism, building tissue, and helps maintain good vision.

In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin works as an antioxidant, fighting damaging particles in the body known as free radicals. Free radicals can damage cells and DNA and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a number of health conditions such as heart disease and cancer.

Functions of Vitamin B2:

• Component of two coenzymes, Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that are involved in dehydrogenase reactions and serve as electron carriers in all tissues
• FMN and FAD link the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats to the cytochrome system, the terminal oxidative pathway
• Antioxidant activity, derived from its role as a precursor to FAD, and as a cofactor in the production of glutathione and the reduction of glutathione peroxidase
• Desaturation of fatty acids

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin, stable under both acidic and alkali conditions and resistant to light and oxidation. Niacin is synonymous with nicotinic acid or nicotinamide. Both compounds have identical Vitamin activity and are absorbed from the stomach and small intestine.

Dogs are able to convert the amino acid Tryptophan into Niacin; however, cats cannot. Niacin promotes healthy skin and is needed for energy metabolism, proper digestion, and the maintenance of a healthy nervous system.

Functions of Niacin:

• Niacin is involved in a variety of biological processes such as:
  • Energy production
  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Maintenance of genomic activity
  • Biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol and steroids
• Component of two coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), required by many dehydrogenases. They are reduced and act as electron carriers.
• Important in the oxidative processes in all tissues

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is present in all living cells. Vitamin B5 is primarily used in the production of coenzyme A (CoA) and the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Pantothenic acid is found in high concentrations in the liver and kidney and is important in synthesizing porphyrin, a precursor of heme needed in the production of hemoglobin.

The principle supplemental form of pantothenic acid is synthetically formed D-calcium Pantothenate. Up to 50% of natural Pantothenic acid is lost in food processing from heat.

Functions of Pantothenic acid:

• Component of Coenzyme-A (CoA), which is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids
• CoA is involved in many important biological reactions such as:
  • Synthesis of acetylcholine
  • Nerve impulse
  • Synthesis of heme
  • Synthesis of cholesterol
  • Synthesis of steroids
• Involved in the citrate cycle
• Involved in the metabolism of fat and sugar to energy.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Vitamin B6 is the common term for three related compounds, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine and their phosphorylated derivatives pyridoxine 5’ phosphate, pyridoxal 5’ phosphate and pyridoxamine 5’ phosphate. Pyridoxine, pyridoxine 5’ phosphate and pyridoxine glucosides are found in plant foods while pyridoxal 5’ phosphate and pyridoxamine 5’ phosphate are found in animal products.

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is stable to heat and acid. However, oxidation or exposure to alkali or UV light will destroy it. As much as 50% of vitamin B6 is destroyed during cooking and processing.

Functions of Vitamin B6:

• Precursor of a coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate (PDP), involved in the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen
• Synthesis of nucleic acids
• Synthesis and metabolism of hemoglobin
• Synthesis of sphingomyelin, sphingolipids and the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid a major inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system
• Acts as a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes

Pyridoxine assists in the growth of new cells and the functioning of the immune system. B6 is also credited with controlling moods, behavior and sex drive.

All the B vitamins (B complex) benefit the brain, but B-6 is especially important for regulating mood and preventing mental fatigue. This water-soluble vitamin is needed for the brain to produce serotonin, a feel-good neurotransmitter. Vitamin B-6 also helps the body make hemoglobin, the part of your blood that carries energy-boosting oxygen to the brain and other organs. Vitamin B-6 may also help improve memory.

Folic Acid (Folate or Pteroylglutamic acid)

Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin commonly found in green, leafy vegetables that is readily destroyed by both air and heat.

Folate is generally used when referring to protein-bound or conjugated forms of folic acid found in food. Pteroylglutamic acid is the chemical compound commonly used as a Folic acid supplement.

Functions of Folic acid:

• Precursor of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), a carrier of methyl groups in trans-methylation reactions
• Involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA
• Synthesis of purines, guanine, adenine, thymine and pyrimidines
• Needed for DNA replication and repair, maintenance of the genome and regulation of gene expression
• Plays a role in the biosynthesis of heme and hemoglobin
• Essential for the formation and maturation of red and white blood cells from bone marrow stem cells
• Helps convert homocysteine to methionine, ethanolamine to choline, histidine to glutamic acid and serine to glycine

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin and requires a protein (intrinsic factor) in the gastrointestinal tract for absorption. With advanced age, B12 absorption usually drops due to a lower acid-pepsin secretion by the gastric mucosa. Absorption of B12 can also decrease with deficiencies of iron or folic acid.

Vitamin B12 requirements usually increase during gestation. Storage of B12 is primarily in the liver and kidneys with excesses being excreted by way of the kidney and bile. Newborns with B12 deficiency fail to thrive, have poor brain growth and marked developmental regression.

Functions of Vitamin B12:

• Essential for normal metabolism in all cells especially the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and nervous system
• Protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism
• Precursor of methylcobalamine involved in trans-methylations interacting with tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)
• B12, B6 and folic acid work together to provide methyl groups in biological pathways
• Synthesis of methionine and choline and reduction of homocysteine
• Conversion of methylmalonate to succinate
• Synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), purines and pyrimidine intermediates
• Erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation) interacting with THF
• Synthesis of Myelin (a neurotransmitter)

Benefits of Vitamin B12 Include:

• Development and function of the central nervous system
• Preventing irreversible neurological damage due to anemia
• Helping to boost memory and brain power
• Raising mood levels
• Preventing heart disease by reducing homocysteine levels
• Decreasing fatigue
• Promoting healthy metabolism and digestive system functions

Choline

Choline is widely found in free form or as a part of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine). Choline is synthesized in the body and is crucial for the normal function of all cells. It is a lipotropic B vitamin like compound that is easily absorbed from the intestine. Choline is able to cross the blood-brain barrier into the spinal fluid where it is involved in brain metabolism.

Functions of Choline:

• Important for the integrity of cell membranes, as a methyl donor, cholinergic neurotransmission and transmembrane signaling
• Is required for lipid transport and metabolism, exports fat from the liver and prevents fat accumulation in the liver
• Synthesis of acetylcholine in nerves, which plays a role in brain development and function
• Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, structural components in cell membranes
• Synthesis of methionine and dimethylglycine
• A precursor of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and betain

Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin (Vitamin B1) that is not stored in appreciable amounts; thus, it must be constantly supplied in the daily diet or through supplementation. The highest concentrations of Vitamin B1 are found in muscle, heart, liver, kidneys and the brain. In food, thiamin can be found in free form as thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and as a protein phosphate complex.

Functions of Vitamin B1:

• As a coenzyme, B1 plays a key role in energy production
• Precursor of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) or co-carboxylase, a coenzyme required by dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle (Krebs’ cycle) and by transketolase in the pentose phosphate shunt
• Affects all tissue especially nerve membranes, nerve conduction, the stomach and heart

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is involved in the production of red blood cells and antibodies. B2 is also involved in respiration, regulating growth and reproduction. Riboflavin is needed for energy metabolism, building tissue, and helps maintain good vision. In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin works as an antioxidant, fighting damaging particles in the body known as free radicals. Free radicals can damage cells and DNA, and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a number of health conditions such as heart disease and cancer.

Functions of Vitamin B2:

• Component of two coenzymes, Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that are involved in dehydrogenase reactions and serve as electron carriers in all tissues
• FMN and FAD link the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats to the cytochrome system, the terminal oxidative pathway
• Antioxidant activity, derived from its role as a precursor to FAD, and as a cofactor in the production of glutathione and the reduction of glutathione peroxidase
• Desaturation of fatty acids

Niacin (Vitamin B3) is a water-soluble vitamin, stable under both acidic and alkali conditions and resistant to light and oxidation. Niacin is synonymous with nicotinic acid or nicotinamide. Both compounds have identical Vitamin activity and are absorbed from the stomach and small intestine.

Dogs are able to convert the amino acid Tryptophan into Niacin; however, cats cannot. Niacin promotes healthy skin and is needed for energy metabolism, proper digestion, and the maintenance of a healthy nervous system.

Functions of Niacin:

• Niacin is involved in a variety of biological processes such as:
  • Energy production
  • Regulation of gene expression
  • Maintenance of genomic activity
  • Biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol and steroids
• Component of two coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), required by many dehydrogenases. They are reduced and act as electron carriers
• Important in the oxidative processes in all tissues

Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is present in all living cells. Vitamin B5 is primarily used in the production of coenzyme A (CoA) and the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Pantothenic acid is found in high concentrations in the liver and kidney and is important in synthesizing porphyrin, a precursor of heme needed in the production of hemoglobin.

The principle supplemental form of pantothenic acid is synthetically formed D-calcium Pantothenate. Up to 50% of natural Pantothenic acid is lost in food processing from heat.

Functions of Pantothenic acid:

• Component of Coenzyme-A (CoA), which is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids
• CoA is involved in many important biological reactions such as:
  • Synthesis of acetylcholine
  • Nerve impulse
  • Synthesis of heme
  • Synthesis of cholesterol
  • Synthesis of steroids
• Involved in the citrate cycle
• Involved in the metabolism of fat and sugar to energy.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is the common term for three related compounds, pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine and their phosphorylated derivatives pyridoxine 5’ phosphate, pyridoxal 5’ phosphate and pyridoxamine 5’ phosphate. Pyridoxine, pyridoxine 5’ phosphate and pyridoxine glucosides are found in plant foods while pyridoxal 5’ phosphate and pyridoxamine 5’ phosphate are found in animal products.

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is stable to heat and acid. However, oxidation or exposure to alkali or UV light will destroy it. As much as 50% of vitamin B6 is destroyed during cooking and processing.

Functions of Vitamin B6:

• Precursor of a coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate (PDP), involved in the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen
• Synthesis of nucleic acids
• Synthesis and metabolism of hemoglobin
• Synthesis of sphingomyelin, sphingolipids and the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid a major inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system
• Acts as a coenzyme for more than 100 enzymes

Pyridoxine assists in the growth of new cells and the functioning of the immune system. B6 is also credited with controlling moods, behavior and sex drive.

All the B vitamins (B complex) benefit the brain, but B-6 is especially important for regulating mood and preventing mental fatigue. This water-soluble vitamin is needed for the brain to produce serotonin, a feel-good neurotransmitter. Vitamin B-6 also helps the body make hemoglobin, the part of your blood that carries energy-boosting oxygen to the brain and other organs. Vitamin B-6 may also help improve memory.

Folic acid (Folate or Pteroylglutamic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin commonly found in green, leafy vegetables that is readily destroyed by both air and heat.

Folate is generally used when referring to protein-bound or conjugated forms of folic acid found in food. Pteroylglutamic acid is the chemical compound commonly used as a Folic acid supplement.

Functions of Folic acid:

• Precursor of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), a carrier of methyl groups in trans-methylation reactions
• Involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA
• Synthesis of purines, guanine, adenine, thymine and pyrimidines
• Needed for DNA replication and repair, maintenance of the genome and regulation of gene expression
• Plays a role in the biosynthesis of heme and hemoglobin
• Essential for the formation and maturation of red and white blood cells from bone marrow stem cells
• Helps convert homocysteine to methionine, ethanolamine to choline, histidine to glutamic acid and serine to glycine.

Vitamin C benefits include protection against immune system deficiencies, cardiovascular disease, prenatal health problems, eye disease, and even skin wrinkling. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is necessary for the growth, development and repair of all body tissues. It’s involved in many body functions, including formation of collagen, absorption of iron, the proper functioning of the immune system, wound healing, and the maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth. Vitamin C is one of many antioxidants that can protect against damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals, as well as toxic chemicals and pollutants. Free radicals can build up and contribute to the development of health conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and arthritis.

Other studies have suggested that vitamin C may also:

• Improve macular degeneration
• Reduce inflammation
• Reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is produced by plants while D3 (cholecalciferol) is made by animals. When produced by animals the body must have exposure to UV rays (sunlight).

Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorous, which are vital in forming and maintaining strong bones and teeth. The intake of high fiber in the diet reduces absorption. Like other fat-soluble vitamins, excessive intake of Vitamin D can possibly lead to toxicity.

Functions of Vitamin D:

• Precursor of active hormone form 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol formed in the kidney
• Plays a central role in the maintenance of bone health
• Essential for calcium absorption; and the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
• Regulates the excretion of calcium from the kidney and maintains normal calcium blood concentrations
• Vitamin D receptors are found in many other tissues and affects the rate of cell growth and differentiation
• Vitamin D may also be involved in regulating cell growth and maintaining a healthy immune system

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and a powerful antioxidant. It consists of eight compounds all synthesized by plants. Vitamin E is divided into two major groups, tocopherols and tocotrienols. The most potent Vitamin E compound is natural vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol).

Optimal Vitamin E absorption requires the presence of bile salts and pancreatic juice in the small intestine. Absorbed Vitamin E is incorporated into chylomicrons and transported through the lymph into circulation where it is distributed into the tissues by low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

The largest storage area for Vitamin E is in adipose tissue. Tocopherol in the liver is depleted rapidly while loss of vitamin E in fatty tissue is quite slow.

Functions of Vitamin E:

• Antioxidant activity — diminishes production of lipid peroxides that damage cell membranes. Especially susceptible tissues are erythrocytes, muscle, heart, liver, adipose tissue and the brain
• Maintenance of intracellular membrane integrity
• Works with selenium to protect against peroxidation of membrane lipids
• Effects synthesis of Coenzyme A and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• DNA repair, protection of the nervous system, muscles and retinas. Vitamin E also protects red blood cells and helps prevent the destruction of vitamin A and C
• Reproduction

Vitamin K is the anti-hemorrhagic vitamin required for the synthesis of the thirteen cofactors required for the normal coagulation of blood. It is also required for the production of proteins found in plasma, bone, and the kidneys.

Natural Vitamin K found in green plants is fat soluble and requires bile and pancreatic juice for absorption in the small intestine. Small amounts of Vitamin K can also be synthesized by various microflora in the small and large intestine.

Menadione is the synthetic version of Vitamin K. Menadione is water soluble and is converted to Vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K is usually stable during cooking but is not under sunlight.

Functions of Vitamin K:

• Required for activity of carboxylases in hepatic synthesis of prothrombin
• May aid in inhibiting bone resorption substances such as prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 6
• May have some antioxidant activity. Vitamin K-hydroquinone is a potent reactive oxygen species scavenger capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation
• Synthetic vitamin K (Menadione) has been shown to have anti-tumor activity
• Required for the synthesis of osteocalcin that promotes mineral deposition in bone

Wheat germ is a rich source of vitamin B6, folic acid, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus along with many other essential nutrients.

Wheat germ preserves the texture, elasticity and resiliency of skin and hair coats thereby improving overall skin and coat health. Wheat germ also reduces circulatory clogging thereby increasing blood circulation to the skin and hair coat.

Wheat germ helps relieve dry skin that can cause a pet to scratch and chew damaging their skin and coats. Wheat germ contains B vitamins, which helps in repairing tissue damage. B vitamins are also involved in tissue growth and allowing other vitamins, minerals, and nutrients to reach the cells.

Wheat germ contains beneficial fatty acids that improve muscular energy. It helps provide energy and oxygen during training, work and performance.

Wheat germ is high in Vitamin E, which is helpful in preventing many types of birth defects related to reproduction such as low sperm count and miscarriages.

Wheat germ is rich in magnesium, which is essential for healthy blood sugar control.

Whey Protein Isolate is the fast-digesting part of dairy protein. Different forms of whey protein supplements are available, with two of the most common being whey isolate and whey concentrate. The main difference between whey isolates and concentrate is that whey isolate undergoes more processing, which results in a higher protein content with less carbs, lactose and fat.

Xanthohumol is a Bioactive Flavonoid Antioxidant molecule found in the flowering Hops Plant. It is 200 times more powerful than Resveratrol, the world-renowned Antioxidant found naturally in Red Wine. Xanthohumol has been shown to activate the Nrf2 protein that stimulates the increased production of protective antioxidants in both man and animals.

The health benefits of Xanthohumol have been known for years, and in more than 200 research studies, it has been linked to a wide range of potential benefits.

In vitro studies have confirmed Xanthohumol has an inhibiting effect on:

• Inflammatory processes
• Arteriosclerosis
• Osteoporosis
• Diabetes
• Multiple types of cancer

In addition, Xanthohumol:

• Helps support cell health
• Decreases oxidative stress
• Helps regulate Fat metabolism and storage
• Helps modulate Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels
• Helps promote general health to ward off illness
• Helps maintain Glucose and Insulin levels

Zeaxanthin is a bioflavonoid pigment whose benefits include keeping the eye healthy by increasing the level of the macular pigment in the eye. The macular pigment degenerates with age, but it increases by ingesting zeaxanthin. Recent epidemiological and controlled clinical studies indicate that dietary lutein and zeaxanthin may be of benefit in maintaining both cognitive function and visual health.

• Lutein and Zeaxanthin are members of the carotenoid family, which are naturally present in the macula of the retina and lens of eyes
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin serve as accessory light-gathering pigments thereby protecting the eye against the toxic effects of ultra-violet radiation and oxygen
• The protective effect is due in part to the antioxidant (reactive oxygen species quenching) ability of Lutein and Zeaxanthin
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin are the only two carotenoids found in animal lenses and may protect them from age-related diseases affecting lens density and cataract formation

Zinc Methionine may serve as a novel dietary supplement to promote health benefits in Canines & Felines. Given its superior bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties, Zinc Methionine promotes the following health benefits:

• Helps immune system defend against viruses and bacteria
• Supports protein production
• Supports senses of smell and taste
• Helps wounds heal